Submissions

Author Guidelines

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Our journals consider all manuscripts on the strict condition that they have been submitted only
to that journal and that they have not been published already. They must not be under consideration for publication or in press elsewhere. It is recommended that an English check of the manuscript by a competent and knowledgeable native speaker be completed before submission. Only manuscripts that are written in clear and
concise English will be accepted for review. The Journal publishes Regular Articles, Notes, Communications and Reviews. With the exception of Invited Reviews, the members of the editorial board, whose opinions will form the basis of the final decision by the editor, will review manuscripts.

ARTICLE TYPES
Three types of manuscripts may be submitted:
Regular articles: These are complete descriptions of current original research findings, and
experimental procedures should be given in sufficient detail for others to verify the work. The
length of a full paper should be between five and twenty pages.
Short Communications: A Short Communication is a concise, but independent report suitable
for recording the results of complete small investigations including the reporting of additional
controls and confirmatory results in other settings, as well as negative results. The style of main
sections need not conform to that of full-length papers. Short communications are 2 to 3
printed pages (about 6 to 9 manuscript pages) in length.

Springs of Knowledge Multidisciplinary Journal

Review: Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of
various articles on a particular subject into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in
that field. Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal
references to the original research. Submissions of reviews and perspectives covering topics of
current interest are welcome and encouraged.
REGULAR ARTICLES: Preparation of the manuscript
All manuscripts must be clearly written in English. It should be typed double-spaced in
Microsoft word, with pages numbered consecutively starting from the title page, using Arial or
Times New Roman text font.
Your Manuscript should be presented in the following order:
Title and Authorship Information:
Title page should start with the type of manuscript (Research, Review Article, Short
Communications, etc). This should be concise, short, specific and explain the nature of the
work. The names of all authors (first name, middle initial, last name) including their
departmental and institutional addresses should also be included. The name of the
corresponding author along with phone, fax and E-mail should be provided. An asterisk (*)
should be added to the right of the corresponding author’s name. His or her affiliation should
be indicated by superscripts 1, 2, 3,…… placed after each author’s name and before each
affiliation.
Abstract:
The abstract must be a single unstructured paragraph of no more than 250 words describing the
scope, hypothesis or rationale for the work and the main findings. Abstract should be written in
the past tense and presented without subheadings. No reference should be cited in this section.
Key words:
Immediately after the abstract, about 4-7 key words should be provided, which will be used for
indexing purposes. Key words should be separated by commas and words from title should
avoid repeating as key words.
Abbreviations:
Abbreviations that are non-standard should be clearly defined in this field to be placed on the
first page of the article. Such abbreviations must be defined at their first mention. Consistency
of abbreviations should be ensured throughout the article. Footnotes and Endnotes should be
properly numbered to ensure uniformity.

Springs of Knowledge Multidisciplinary Journal

Introduction:
Introduction should be short and precise. It should describe the basic principles of research,
earlier background work and the aim of the present study. Hypothesis to be tested should be
specified. Summary of the results should be avoided. Extensive discussion of relevant literature
should be included in the discussion section.
Materials and Methods:
Only new techniques and modifications to known methods need to be described in detail.
Methods already published should be indicated by a reference. Include the name, postal town,
code and country of the supplier or manufacturer of any chemical or apparatus not in common
use. Appropriate statistical methods should be used and indicate the probability level (P) at
which differences were considered significant. If data are presented in the text, state what they
represent (e.g. means ± SEM). Indicate whether data were transformed before analysis. Specify
any statistical computer programs used.
Results:
Results should be clear and concise using tables or figures when feasible. The text should
elaborate on the tabular data. It should be written in the past tense when describing findings in
the authors' experiments. Sufficient data with some index of variation attached should be
presented for proper interpretation of the results of the experiment.
Discussion:
Discussion should be able to interpret the results clearly and concisely in relation to previous
findings, whether in support, against, or simply as added data to provide the reader with a
broad base on which to accept or reject the hypotheses tested. A combined Results and
Discussion section is often appropriate.
Conclusions:
The significant or unique findings should be highlighted in this section. Its content should not
substantially duplicate the abstract. Recommendation might be given.
Acknowledgments:
The Acknowledgments of people, grants, funding agency, etc should be brief. Acknowledgments
of people, grants, funds, etc. should be placed in a separate section on the title page. The
names of funding organizations should be written in full.
Funding Sources

Springs of Knowledge Multidisciplinary Journal

The authors should acknowledge all the funding agency/agencies that funded the research. If
none, the authors should indicate, “This study did not receive any external funding”
Conflicts of Interests
Authors are requested to disclose interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work
submitted for publication.
If no conflicts of interest, the Authors should indicate, ‘The Authors do not have any conflicts of
interests whatsoever”
Data Availability Statements
Authors should declare whether all the data has been included in the manuscript or any
supplementary files attached. Use of AI should be declared.
Headings
Please use the decimal system of headings with no more than three levels.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.
Footnotes
Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a
reference included in the reference list. They should not consist solely of a reference citation,
and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference. They should also not
contain any figures or tables. Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables
should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and
other statistical data). Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference
symbols.
Tables and Figures:
A self-explanatory caption of all tables and figures should be provided. Tables and Figures
should be numbered consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. X- and Y-
axes of figures should be labeled. Arabic numbers should be used for all compound numbers,
figures and tables (e.g Figure 1 and Table 1). All tables and figures should be clearly explained
and cited in the text. Each column of the table must have a heading. The same data should not
be presented in both table and graph form or Information given in legends should not be

Springs of Knowledge Multidisciplinary Journal

repeated in the text. Images should be manipulated as little as possible, so as to avoid losing
resolution, and always accompany your submission with original format of the file before
exporting to other formats such as JPG, JPEG, PNG, TIFF. All figures should be pasted in
Microsoft Word manuscript file. Tables should not be drawn from shape lines but should be
inserted. Full stops, but not commas, should be used as decimal points.
Tables
All tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals. Tables should always be cited in text in
consecutive numerical order. For each table, please supply a table caption (title) explaining the
components of the table. Identify any previously published material by giving the original
source in the form of a reference at the end of the table caption. Footnotes to tables should be
indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other
statistical data) and included beneath the table body.
Figures
All figures are to be numbered using Arabic numerals. Figures should always be cited in text in
consecutive numerical order. Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc).
Figures in online appendices [Supplementary Information (SI)] should, however, be numbered
separately.
Figure Captions
Each figure should have a concise caption describing accurately what the figure depicts. Include
the captions in the text file of the manuscript, not in the figure file. Figure captions begin with
the term Fig. in bold type, followed by the figure number, also in bold type. Identify all elements
found in the figure in the figure caption; and use boxes, circles, etc., as coordinate points in
graphs. Identify previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a
reference citation at the end of the figure caption.
Figure Placement and Size
Figures should be submitted within the body of the text. Only if the file size of the manuscript
causes problems in uploading it, the large figures should be submitted separately from the text.
When preparing your figures, size figures to fit in the column width. For large-sized journals the
figures should be 84 mm (for double-column text areas), or 174 mm (for single-column text
areas) wide and not higher than 234 mm. For small-sized journals, the figures should be 119
mm wide and not higher than 195 mm.
Permissions

If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission
from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format.

References: In-text Reference Citations:
Use the author/date system of references. In the text, refer to the author(s) name (without
initials) and year of publication:
1. Examples for a single author Johnson (2004) has shown that ... This is in agreement in
line with results obtained by several authors (Scholes, 1995; Alex, 1997; Nelson, 1998).
2. Examples for two authors Smith and Giggs (2000) reported that... This was
later found to be incorrect (Khan and Rahman, 2002).
3. Examples for three or more authors (use the first author’s name and then et al.) Samule
et al. (1999) stated that... Similar results were reported recently (Smith et al., 2003).

List of Reference
The list of references should include only those cited in the manuscript and arranged
alphabetically by authors’ names. Titles of journals should be abbreviated. 'In press' can only be
used to cite manuscripts actually accepted for publication in a journal. Citations such as
manuscript in preparation' or manuscript submitted' are not permitted. The following format
should be adhered to:
Journal Papers
Johnson AS, Khan AG, Akin SA, Chatterbee MA, Andrew KA, Cynthia TS (2009). Oxygen transfer
effects on recombinant benzaldehyde lyase production. Biochem. Biotechnol. Res. 1:115.
Hernández-Herrero MM, Duflos G, Malle P, Bouquelet S (2003). Collagenase activity and protein
hydrolysis as related to spoilage of iced cod (Gadus morhua). Food Res. Inter. 36(2):141-147.
Text Book
Nelson Z, 1999. Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems. 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill, New York. pp:
632. Cole MJ, John LT and Stephen A, 2009. Biochemistry. 5th Ed. W.H. Freeman, New York.
pp.580.
Book Chapter

Khan HA, 1996. Computer-Aided Design Databases. In: New Directions for Database Systems,
Ariav G and Clifford J, (Eds.), Intellect Books, Norwood, NJ, pp: 110-123.
Ashie INA and Lanier TC, 2000. Transglutaminases in Seafood Processing. In: Seafood Enzymes
Utilization and Influence on Postharvest Seafood Quality, Haard NF and Simpson BK (Eds.),
Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, NY, pp: 271-275.
Conference Proceedings
Magott J, Skudlarski K, 1989. Combining Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets and PERT Networks
For The Performance Evaluation Of Concurrent Processes. Proceedings of the 3rd International
Workshop on Petri Nets and Performance Models, Dec. 11-13, IEEE Xplore Press, Japan, pp:
249-256.
Baird-Parker AC, Baillie MAH, 1974. The Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by Nitrite and
Sodium Chloride. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nitrite in Meat Products,
Sep.10-14, Zeist, the Netherlands, pp: 268.
Government Publications (Some will still have specific authors – find them if you can) Forastieri
V, 1999. The ILO Programme for Occupational Safety and Health in Agriculture. International
Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Sheng TC, 1989. Soil Conservation for Small Farmers in the Humid Tropics. FAO Soils Bulletin No.
60. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.
United Nations, 2001. Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies.
United Nations Press, New York, USA.
Online Publications
Lal R, 1995. Sustainable Management of Soil Resources in the Humid Tropics. United Nations
University Press, Tokyo, Japan.
http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu27se/uu27se00.htm (Accessed on March 17,
2011)
Mörner J, Bos R, Fredrix M, 2002. Guidance on Alternative Strategies for Sustainable Pest and
Vector Management. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/en/Organicpescont.pdf (Accessed on
February 13, 2011)

Rice RA, Ward JR, 1996. Coffee, Conservation and Commerce in the Western Hemisphere.
Natural Resources Defence Council, Weadon Progressive and The Smithsonian, Washington,
D.C. http://www.nrdc.org/health/farming/ccc/cptinx.asp (Accessed on January 3, 2012)
Generic Website UNEP, 2002. Cleaner Production Assessment in Industries. Production and
Consumption Branch. United Nations Environment Program.
http://www.unepie.org/pc/cp/understanding_cp/cp_industries.htm(Accessed on February 13,
2011)
WHO, 2004. The World Coffee Crisis. Fair Trade Labeling Organization.
http://www.fairtrade.net/pdf/english/Coffee.pdf (Accessed on June 6, 2013)
FAO, 2002. Statistical Database, Food and Agriculture Organization.
http://apps.fao.org/default.htm (Accessed on March 27, 2012)
Thesis
Abayomi SA, 2005. Fate of plant pathogens and pesticides during composting of greenhouse
tomato plant residues. Unpublished dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Appendixes:
It is used to provide readers with numerical examples or give extensive detail of analytical
procedure.
Equations and Symbols:
Special characters (e.g, Greek and symbols) should be inserted using the symbols palette
available in MS-Word. Complex equations should be entered using Math -Type or an equation
editor. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text.
Scientific names:
Give the scientific names (with authority) for plants, animals, microorganisms, with generic
names in full at the first mention, e.g. Escherichia coli. Thereafter, abbreviate them in the text,
e.g. E coli; give them in full (without authority) in the headings of sections, tables, figures and
key words. Where appropriate, cultivars should be specified and should be in italics.

All manuscripts will undergo some editorial modification, so it is important to check proofs
carefully. PDF page proofs will be sent via e-mail to the corresponding author for checking. To
avoid delays in publication, proofs should be checked and returned within 48 hours. Corrections
should be returned by annotated PDF or e-mail. Extensive changes to the text may be charged
to the author. Authors can freely download the PDF file from which they can print unlimited
copies of their articles.